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It's rather ironic for me to begin this section right now.
I've just seen a PBS documentary in which the Christians are blamed for
the burning of Rome, just as Nero the tyrant claimed and in spite of
Tacitus' history. These Christians, of course, were in reality
persecuted mercilessly by Nero -- but only, according to this
documentary, because they were seen as a "radical Jewish
sect." In other words, in today's world, the Christians burned
Rome -- something Jewish-Jews would never be accused of on public
television -- but were persecuted by pagan Rome because they were,
nonetheless, perceived as being a Jewish sect. I wonder why
the producers of the show failed to mention that Nero's wife was a Jew
named Poppaea and that according to rabbinical writings, Nero himself
converted to Judaism. 1
So much for Christian suffering! If the Christians were
persecuted, it was only because we were considered Jewish, in
spite of the fact that the persecutor's wife was a Jew, and Jews
themselves claim that the persecutor was a Jew. And, besides, we
deserved it because we were arsonists after all! In one
stroke, our innocence and our suffering are stolen. "You only suffered
because they thought you were us -- and besides, you evil
Catholics, you deserved it." History denied.
It's funny that
as I tuned in to that show, I thought to myself, "I wonder how they are
going to make us Christians look bad." I knew it was coming (it always
does). And I was right. The more one learns about real history and
about the prevalent anti-Christian, Marxist attitudes and secular
premises of our present-day culture, the more one can place sure bets
that, when history is presented, it will be slanted so that Christians
and Western culture appear as bad, oppressive, "medieval" (used,
stupidly, as an insult), backwards, reactionary, evil, colonialist,
aggressive, unenlightened, persecuting, and warlike. Jewish culture, on
the other hand, is ever-innocent, good, wise, persecuted and suffering.
Other nations and peoples are as good or bad as the political interests
of the moneyed class calls for that day. One example is the Muslim
world: before the World Trade Center attacks of 9-11, the Crusades were
presented as an example of Christian "aggression" and "colonialism"
against the Muslims, who are more enlightened (a Muslim invented the
number 0 after all 2) and --
well, just wonderfully, exotically Third World. After the attacks, when
it came time to come up with excuses for attacking Iraq (a country
that, while led by a very evil man, had nothing to do with the attacks
on America), newspaper articles began to appear with headlines like "A
Second Look at the Crusades" and which accurately (finally) described
the Crusades as defensive wars on the part of the Christian
West.
But let's start at the beginning and see how our public school, PBS
version of history is designed to support a culturally
Marxist-Talmudist view of the world and which takes from
Anglo-Protestant, anti-Catholic, anti-Spain propaganda as it sees fit.
Beginnings
In the first section, I explained the fact that modern
Judaism is not the Old Testament religion but is, instead, rabbinic
Pharisaism -- a religion which consists of: verbally honoring Torah,
but seeing Moses' Books through the lenses of: the Talmud; Kabbalah and
other magical practices and beliefs acquired before and during the
Babylonian Captivity; and rabbinical authority (not priestly
authority, as in the Old Testament). The rabbinical view of history is
that the "Jews" were chosen, as a biological race and because of their
genetic superiority, by God to bring about an earthly Jewish Kingdom in
which Gentiles follow the Noahide laws and are subject to rabbinical
authority. Jesus, Whom they consider a blasphemous heretic sorcerer,
came along, the Temple fell, many Jews were "led astray" by the
followers of Jesus, and His Church has been persecuting the Jews ever
since, without cease, for no reason, and never in response to Jewish
behaviors and attitudes.
A typical Protestant view is that Messiah came, but His Church was a
non-hierarchical entity with no priesthood, no Sacraments, no authority
but the Bible (which, apparently, fell out of Heaven into the lap of
Tyndale in the Middle Ages). This Church became corrupted when
Constantine's Edict started a "State religion" (a false notion: Constantine's Edict of Milan only
stopped the persecution of Christians -- and was followed by the reign
of the Christian-hating Julian the Apostate). Only thereafter did the
papacy develop, they say, and the State Church grew increasingly more
corrupt and paganized, slaughtering the "true Christians" (i.e., the
Sola Scriptura-Sola Fide Christians who, they claim, have always
existed alongside the monster Catholic Church after She sprang into
being in the time of Constantine) by the thousands/millions/billions.
During the Protestant "Reformation," the Sola Scriptura Christians
burst forth on the scene, shaking off the yoke of "popish" Rome, taking
the "Church" back to its "true" roots and then inspiring the world on
to
enlightenment, freedom, democracy, etc. Of course, during all this
time, the Catholic Church mistreated the innocent Jews, and for no
other reason than the Church's demonic cruelty and desire for unbridled
power. Since the rise of dispensationalist theology, the Church is seen
as not understanding that the Jews are God's Chosen People who
must have political control of Palestine so that Messiah can return
after rapturing up the "Bible Christians" and letting the Jews have an
earthly kingdom until they, too, are finally converted and "all Israel"
is saved -- "Israel" being a word they use to refer to genetic Jews and
not God's people of any race, the Church.
(Note: nowadays, you might hear presented the idea that there was a
"James" or "Paul" True Church that was opposed to the "Peter" Church,
the latter of which was the "anti-Jew" Church which later became the
State Church of Constantine. This is becoming a typically Jewish view
of Christian history, so as to buttress up the Dispensationalist
Zionists against the Catholics. A typically Protestant version is that
the "Church of Peter" was the Jewish-Law-loving Church in opposition to
the Faith Alone Church of Paul, and which became the Pagan Church of
Constantine -- but now, after the rise of Dispensationalist theology,
it was also, somehow, anti-Jew, too, in spite of its being a Law-loving
pseudo-Church. And some people seem to hold all of these ideas at the
same time. Somehow. Any view of history will do as long as it's not
Catholic. I do wish the anti-Catholics would pick a story and stick to
it! And do they not notice that it is the Catholic Church that put
together the Bible which includes the Epistles of Peter and Paul
and James? This pitting of Paul against
Peter, and James against Peter -- everyone against Peter -- is
sickening.)
At any rate, that the Catholic Church, with its hierarchy (including
the papacy) and Sacraments, was there from the beginning, in the New
Testament, is easily seen by reading the writings of the earliest
Christians. ``Where the Bishop is, there let the multitude of believers
be; even as where Jesus is, there is the Catholic Church'' wrote
Ignatius of Antioch in the 1st c., appointed to his See by Peter
himself. The 1st c. letters of Clement (the 4th Pope after Peter,
Linus, and Anacletus) lays out apostolic succession; the writings of
Justin Martyr, Hippolytus, Cyril of Jerusalem, etc. can be read by any
Protestant if he so desires, and refute any notion of the Church and
Her Sacraments not existing until Constantine or Charlemagne or whoever
is deemed this week's "real power behind the Catholic Church." (see the
Apologetics
section of this site for more information).
But what were the Jews doing during these early years? Though it's
become unfashionable (and that is a good word for it) and dangerous to
say so, the Jews were persecuting Christians from the get-go and at
every chance they had. From Herod, an Idumean Jew, who tried to kill
the Messiah when He was an Infant, to St. Paul's pre-conversion
murdering of Christians, to the plots on the life of Lazarus, to the
murders of St. John the Baptist and St. Stephen the Deacon, to the
later attempts on the convert Paul's life, to the slaughter of
Chrisians during the Bar Kocha Rebellion (A.D. 132-135) against the
Romans, to the likelihood of the Jewish Poppaea instigating her
(possibly Jewish convert) husband Nero's massacres of Christians, the
Church has been hated, and often persecuted, by Jews.
It has become even less fashionable to point out the obvious: Jews are
the ones who wanted Christ dead. I know that it's politically correct
to bash the Romans on this account, but the Romans had no issue with
Jesus and "only" acted as instruments to carry out the Jews' wishes
(which is culpability and cowardice enough, to be sure). The Jews,
however, did want Christ dead, and used Roman power to make it happen.
The Russians didn't want it, the Poles didn't want it, the Ugandans
didn't want it, Pilate washed his hands of the matter: the Jews wanted
it.
John 11:45-53
(KJV), after the raising of Lazarus: Then many of the Jews which came
to Mary, and had seen the things which Jesus did, believed on him. But
some of them went their ways to the Pharisees, and told them what
things Jesus had done. Then gathered the chief priests and the
Pharisees a council, and said, What do we? for this man doeth many
miracles. If we let him thus alone, all men will believe on him: and
the Romans shall come and take away both our place and nation. And one
of them, named Caiaphas, being the high priest that same year, said
unto them, Ye know nothing at all, Nor consider that it is expedient
for us, that one man should die for the people, and that the whole
nation perish not. And this spake he not of himself: but being high
priest that year, he prophesied that Jesus should die for that nation;
And not for that nation only, but that also he should gather together
in one the children of God that were scattered abroad. Then from that
day forth they took counsel together for to put him to death.
Note, though, please,
how many Jews here came to know the Messiah, Who Himself was
genetically (partly) Semitic and Who fulfilled the Old Testament
promises. The point, which I reiterate here, is that "race" and
"ethnicity" are not the issue; the issue is a matter of ideology,
faith, belief, and acts of the will. Peter, Paul, Matthew, etc. -- most
of the Apostles -- were Hebrew followers of the Old Testament religion
who came to know that the Old Testament prophecies were fulfilled in
Jesus Christ and who gave up their lives defending that belief.
In addition, while it is obvious historical fact that, proximately, it
was Palestinian Jews who used Roman power to kill the Messiah, it is
also true -- and has been taught as true since the Church's beginning
-- that we are all responsible. The Catechism of the Council of Trent,
issued by Pope St. Pius V (A.D. 1566-1572), taught:
Furthermore men
of all ranks and conditions were gathered together against the Lord,
and against his Christ. Gentiles and Jews were the advisers, the
authors, the ministers of His Passion: Judas betrayed Him, Peter denied
Him, all the rest deserted Him.
and
In this guilt
are involved all those who fall frequently into sin; for, as our sins
consigned Christ the Lord to the death of the cross, most certainly
those who wallow in sin and iniquity crucify to themselves again the
Son of God, as far as in them lies, and make a mockery of Him. This
guilt seems more enormous in us than in the Jews, since according to
the testimony of the same Apostle: If they had known it, they would
never have crucified the Lord of glory; while we, on the contrary,
professing to know Him, yet denying Him by our actions, seem in some
sort to lay violent hands on him.
In other words,
Palestinian Jews were historically, proximately responsible for
Christ's Passion and death, just as were those Romans who allowed
themselves to be cowed by them, but culpability for His death
lies in us all -- the more so with Christians who know Him and believe
Him, but still offend Him. While the post-Temple Jewish religion can be
described as a "Deicide religion" in that it glories in Deicide when
exulting in the murder of Jesus, "the Jews" cannot be decribed as
"Christ-killers" in any literal sense. This isn't some new Vatican II
teaching that changed the "anti-semitic traditional teaching of the
Church" as anti-Catholics want you to believe so they can shame the
Church into submission; it is what the Church has always taught, and
the only reasons I even bring it up are our inability nowadays to speak
of historical fact as revealed by the Gospels, the willingness of too
many people to blame everyone -- anyone -- but "the Jews" (why
it's OK to diss "the Romans" but not "the Jews" is beyond me as a
daughter of Rome), and the stupid, nerve-wracking idea that the Church
"used to be anti-semitic," but now, "since Vatican II," the Church has
changed Her teachings.
That last is only the world's way of dismissing traditional -- i.e, true
-- Catholic teaching altogether and of making the Church seem
wishy-washy, anything but divine, and, above all, malleable
("You've 'changed' your teachings on the Jews, why not change your
attitudes toward sex and priestly celibacy and the 'ordination' of
women?") It's a way of shaming the Church's History and stealing Her
rich heritage from those who love Her. And it's also a way of propping
up "the spirit of Vatican II," the most destructive force that has ever
afflicted Holy Mother Church and which has rendered the institutional
Church impotent and sterile, and has almost destroyed the Roman Rite.
All one has to do to see the "disconnect" between the what the "the
spirit" of this Council really did and how the Modernists want you to
perceive it is to study the horrific effects of the interpretations of
Vatican II -- and then read how Jews, neo-Catholics, and the media
speak of the "great Council" while they dismiss the "pre-Vatican II
Church" as barbarous and unenlightened.
At any rate, it's rather paradoxical, this clamor on the part of Jews
to absolve "the Jews" of Deicide (note the hysteria in response to Mel
Gibson's "The Passion of the Christ"), especially when in their "holy"
books and by the pens of their "sages," they openly and proudly state
that Jews did kill Jesus. Note what Maimonides, who is considered by
Jews to be "The Second Moses," wrote in his "Letter to Yemen":
[Jesus of
Nazareth] impelled people to believe that he was a prophet sent by God
to clarify perplexities in the Torah, and that he was the Messiah that
was predicted by each and every seer. He interpreted the Torah and its
precepts in such a fashion as to lead to their total annulment, to the
abolition of all its commandments and to the violation of its
prohibitions. The sages, of blessed memory, having become aware of his
plans before his reputation spread among our people, meted out fitting
punishment to him.
The Jewish
historian Josephus confirms the Gospel account in his "Antiquities":
Now there was
about this time Jesus, a wise man, for he was a doer of wonderful
works, a teacher. He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of
the Gentiles. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal
men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved
him at the first did not forsake him; and the tribe of Christians, so
named from him, are not extinct at this day [my emphasis].
And see the Toledoth Yeshu (onsite). Interestingly,
an article appeared on the website of the American Jewish Committee
that affirmed what is being said here about what Jewish writings
themselves say about the death of Jesus. That article disappeared from
the site within days (oops! how'd this get published?), but you
may read the article here on-site. Jews
are taught to hate Jesus so deeply that many refuse to use the plus
sign (+) in math; instead, they leave off either the top or the bottom
of the vertical line so as to not make a Cross shape:
To continue with the topic: the errors of the Pharisaic rabbis, their
legalistic, "anti-goy" elitism, grew even greater after the Temple fell
and the only priests left were New Covenant priests -- i.e., Catholic
(and, arguably, Orthodox) priests. Their desires for
a restored Jerusalem and a worldly Messiah-King were not shared by the
Christians, ethnically Hebrew or not, whose Messiah told them to
"render unto Caesar that which is Caesar's"; this Christian
anti-Zionism only fueled the Pharisees' hatred for the Christians.
Around A.D. 100, the Pharisees gathered to solidify their power and
authority. They threw out the Septuagint version of the Old
Testament, used by the Palestinian Jews for hundreds of years and
cherished by the Apostles, because this version, which contains the
Deuterocanonical Books (referred to as the "Apocrypha" by Protestants),
was used by the Christians to proselytize Jews due to its more specific
language used to convey the Messianic prophecies. There arose, too, the
Birkat ha-Minim -- a part of the Amida
prayer which consists of a curse against Christians and asking God to
destroy us. This Amida prayer with its curse against Christians
has been prayed by religious Jews three times a day for almost two
millennia. In A.D. 125, rounding all this out in a way that would be
called "racist" if uttered by a Christian (or "notoriously and
virulently antisemitic" if uttered against Jews), Rabbi
Simeon Ben Johai -- one of the most
respected rabbis, a man who is quoted over 700 times in the Talmud --
formally declared that non-Jews are not even human.
Jewish pogroms against Christians took place not only in Palestine
(note the famous Bar Kochba Rebellion of A.D. 135), but in Caesarea,
Scytpolis, Yemen, Antioch -- a town through which Jews dragged the body
of Patriarch Anastasius in A.D. 608, after they threw his genitals in
his face and disembowelled him -- and any other place they could get
away with it.
When reading the typical history book talking about the
"repressiveness" of the Church, or hearing a typical dispensationalist
Protestant sermon reviling the great Saints like John Chrysostom who
spoke against the errors of Pharisaic Judaism (just as Jesus did!), you
won't hear a word about the above -- or how Jews agitated
anti-Christian animosity among Kings and Emperors, resulting in the
slaughter of true Israel, the Church. You won't read this, from
Sozomen's (c. A.D. 375-c. 447) "Ecclesiastical History," Book II,
Chapter IX:
When, in course
of time, the Christians increased in number, and began to form
churches, and appointed priests and deacons, the Magi, who as a
priestly tribe had from the beginning in successive generations acted
as the guardians of the Persian religion, became deeply incensed
against them. The Jews, who through envy are in some way naturally
opposed to the Christian religion, were likewise offended. They
therefore brought accusations before Sapor [King of Persia], the
reigning sovereign, against Symeon, who was then archbishop of Seleucia
and Ctesiphon, royal cities of Persia, and charged him with being a
friend of the Caesar of the Romans, and with communicating the affairs
of the Persians to him. Sapor believed these accusations, and at first,
ground the Christians with excessive taxes, although he knew that the
generality of them had voluntarily embraced poverty. He entrusted the
exaction to cruel men, hoping that, by the want of necessaries, and the
atrocity of the ex-actors, they might be compelled to abjure their
religion; for this was his aim. Afterwards, however, be commanded that
the priests and conductors of the worship of God should be slain with
the sword. The churches were demolished, their vessels were deposited
in the treasury, and Symeon was arrested as a traitor to the kingdom
and the religion of the Persians. Thus the Magi, with the co-operation
of the Jews, quickly destroyed the houses of prayer.
You won't hear
how Jews allied themselves with the Christian-born but later professing
pagan Julian the Apostate, Emperor of Rome between A.D. 361 and 363 and
fourth successor of Constantine, who oppressed Christians even as he
tried to help Jews rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem, a project that
ended when mysterious balls of fires emanated from the ground (and sky,
depending on the account) at the site, burning the workers to death,
and an earthquake struck. (For fascinating accounts from primary
sources as to what happened when the Jews tried to rebuild the Temple,
see this page, onsite).
You won't hear how the Jews allied themselves with the Persians in
attacking Palestine in A.D. 614 -- and how they reveled in slaughtering
the Christians there and razing their churches, including the one built
over Christ's Tomb. According to Monk Strategius of Mar Saba (Antiochus
Strategos), Jews purchased Christian slaves from the Persians for the
sole purpose of slaughtering them "just as one might buy cattle to
slaughter." 3
You won't hear how Jews rose to high levels in medieval Spanish society
by falsely claiming to have converted to the Holy Faith, how many
became priests, rose to prominence in the Church, and then proceeded to
Judaize that country's Catholics. You won't hear how these false
converts also cooperated with Muslims to overtake that country during
the Muslim aggressions (oh, so that's why that nasty Catholic Queen
Isabella kicked them out in 1492!) These facts are the reasons for the
Spanish Inquisition, which only had power over self-professed
Catholics.4
You won't hear that on Yom Kippur, Jews pray the Kol Nidre, a
prayer that releases them, in advance, of all vows they will make in
the upcoming year, a prayer which allowed them to engage in fraudulent
business practices against "Gentiles" (not other Jews) while still
remaining faithful to Judaism.
You won't hear how Jewish group behaviors can be self-focused to the
detriment of those around them. E.g., from an article5 that touches on the bad relations between Black
and Jewish people in New York City:
Indeed, the
whole story of Hasidic community growth and its impact on some
established neighborhoods has been pretty much ignored by the
mainstream press. Hasidic activities in Brooklyn, in Jersey City, in
New York ex-urb Bloomingburg and Lakewood and Toms River, New Jersey
are deplorable, and attempts by local communities to fight back are
regularly met with claims that the locals are anti-Semites. Hasidim
routinely register their homes as places of worship to avoid property
taxes, making other local residents pay for police and fire services as
well as maintenance of infrastructure. When sufficient Hasidim become
residents to get elected to the public school board, they divert the
funding of state provided education to support their own private
schools. As Hasidim get married within their community and do not
register with the state, the women routinely file as single mothers to
get public childcare subsidy checks. The men often do not work at all
so they can study the Talmud so they are able to engage in wholesale
welfare fraud, claiming poverty, to get food stamps, social security,
and other money services.
Hasidim also do not consider the judicial system applicable
to themselves. They have private courts that have served to hide
criminals including even child molesters in their community. Once they
achieve a certain presence in a town or city neighborhood, they buy up
buildings and force long-term residents out. They ignore building codes
and zoning to bring in co-religionists with their large families, and,
once established, they create enclaves that are hostile to outsiders.
And you most certainly won't hear about usury -- the other
true source
of "anti-semitism" in Christian lands. Scroll through the links at the index page for this sub-section to learn
about this.
Footnotes:
1 "He [God] sent against them [Israel] Nero
the Caesar. As Nero was coming he shot an arrow towards the east, and
it fell in Jerusalem. He then shot one towards the west, and it again
fell in Jerusalem. He shot toward all four points of the compass, and
each time it fell in Jerusalem. He said to a certain boy, 'Repeat to me
the last verse of Scripture that you have learned.' He said, ' I will
wreak My vengeance on Edom through My people Israel.' Nero said, 'The
Kadosh Barukh Hu [the Holy One] desires to lay waste His Temple and to
lay the blame on me. So he ran away and converted to Judaism, and Rabbi
Meir was descended from him.'" [Gittin 56a]
2
I've read various accounts of the history of zero, some stating that it
was a Babylonian concept that evolved, others stating that it was
invented by an Indian mathematician, others saying what is obvious:
that its History is obscure. A web visitor reminded me that the Mayans,
too, had zero, so why it is attributed with firmness to "Muslims" in
our High School textbooks is beyond me.
3 Schafer, Peter.
The History of the Jews in Antiquity: The Jews of Palestine from
Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Harwood Academic Publishing,
Australia, Austria, Luxemberg, United States, 1995. Cited at
http://www.jewishtribalreview.org/03jech.htm. F. Conybeare's
translation of Monk Stratego's account, found in "Antiochus Strategos'
Account of the Sack of Jerusalem (614)," English Historical Review 25
[1910], p 506-508. Reprinted in Deno Geanokoplos, Byzantium, (Chicago:
1984), 334-335, 266-67 reads:
Thereupon the
vile Jews, enemies of the truth and haters of Christ, when they
perceived that the Christians were given over into the hands of the
enemy, rejoiced exceedingly, because they detested the Christians; and
they conceived an evil plan in keeping with their vileness about the
people. For in the eyes of the Persians their importance was great,
because they were the betrayers of the Christians. And in this season
then the Jews approached the edge of the reservoir and called out to
the children of God, while they were shut up therein, and said to them:
"If ye would escape from death, become Jews and deny Christ; and then
ye shall step up from your place and join us. We will ransom you with
our money, and ye shall be benefited by us." But their plot and desire
were not fulfilled, their labours proved to be in vain; because the
children of the Holy Church chose death for Christ's sake rather than
to live in godlessness: and they reckoned it better for their flesh to
be punished, rather than their souls ruined, so that their portion were
not with the Jews. And when the unclean Jews saw the steadfast
uprightness of the Christians and their immovable faith, then they were
agitated with lively ire, like evil beasts, and thereupon imagined an
other plot. As of old they bought the Lord from the Jews with silver,
so they purchased Christians out of the reservoir; for they gave the
Persians silver, and they bought a Christian and slew him like a sheep.
The Christians however rejoiced because they were being slain for
Christ's sake and shed their blood for His blood, and took on
themselves death in return for His death....
When the people were carried into Persia, and the Jews were left in
Jerusalem, they began with their own hands to demolish and burn such of
the holy churches as were left standing....
How many souls were slain in the reservoir of Mamel! How many perished
of hunger and thirst! How many priests and monks were massacred by the
sword! How many infants were crushed under foot, or perished by hunger
and thirst, or languished through fear and horror of the foe! How many
maidens, refusing their abominable outrages, were given over to death
by the enemy! How many parents perished on top of their own children!
How many of the people were bought up by the Jews and butchered, and
became confessors of Christ! How many persons, fathers, mothers, and
tender infants, having concealed themselves in fosses and cisterns,
perished of darkness and hunger! How many fled into the Church of the
Anastasis, into that of Sion and other churches, and were therein
massacred and consumed with fire! Who can count the multitude of the
corpses of those who were massacred in Jerusalem?
For a
fascinating account of how the story of the events in Palestine in A.D.
614 have been presented in antiquity up through the 19th c. as compared
to after the Jewish Holocaust, see the article "The Vengeance of the
Jews Was Stronger Than Their Avarice": Modern Historians and the
Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614" (pdf), by Elliott Horowitz,
from the Jewish
Social Studies Volume 4, Number 2: Formerly found online at
http://iupjournals.org/jss/jss4-2.html
4 The
Inquisition didn't touch a single Jew who professed Judaism. Not a one.
And in contrast to what the widely accepted, Protestant "Black
Legend" would have you believe, the Inquistion's Courts were far
superior to secular Courts of the day, so much so that many accused
intentionally blasphemed in order to be tried in the Church's Courts
rather than those run by the State. The execution rate of the Spanish
Inquisition was on par with that of modern day Texas, i.e., between 4
and 14 per year during the 356 years it lasted, depending on whether
you accept the lower or higher estimates given by modern historians. It
most certainly in no way ended in the deaths of "hundreds of thousands"
or "millions" as believers in the Black Legend would have you
believe.
5
Source: https://www.unz.com/pgiraldi/wave-of-anti-semitism-exaggerated/
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