``Where the
Bishop is, there let the multitude of believers be;
even as where Jesus is, there is the Catholic Church'' Ignatius of
Antioch, 1st c. A.D
Feast of St. Januarius
(San Gennaro)
San Gennaro, the
Bishop of Benevento, was beheaded, with his Companions, at
Pozzuoli in A.D. 305 by Diocletian for refusing to worship pagan idols.
Ever since at least A.D. 1389, his dried blood, a solid mass inside a
silver reliquary in the Cappella del Tesoro (Chapel of the Treasure) of
the 13th c. Naples Cathedral (the "Duomo"),
liquifies, and sometimes even "boils" or froths.
His blood is kept in two vials inside the reliquary which is topped by
a crown and a cross. When the Bishop takes the vial to the Altar that
holds the Saint's head, the people, who gather by the thousands, pray
that the blood becomes liquid once again. If the miracle takes place,
the officiant proclaims, "Il miracolo é fatto!" and a man waves a white
handkerchief to visually signal to the crowds. Then a Te Deum is sung
and the reliquary is taken to the altar rail so the faithful can kiss
the vial. If the miracle doesn't take place, disaster is imminent, it
is believed. I can't come up with a complete record concerning the
times the blood failed to liquefy, but have discovered that it failed
to do so at these times in just the last century, and with the
following alleged consequences:
September 1939:
Italy enters WWII nine months later
September 1940:
IItaly enters the war and suffers numerous military defeats
September 1943:
the Nazi occupation of Italy
September 1973:
the next year, Italian voters voted wrongly on their 1974 Italian
divorce referendum, thereby affirming the "right" to divorce
September 1980:
two months later the area around Irpinia, east of Naples, suffered a
devastating earthquake that killed almost 3,000 people
December 2016:
four months later, in January of 2017, four major earthquakes rocked
central Italy
December 2020:
Covid
Regarding the
blood itself, the Catholic Encyclopedia informs us that
In 1902
Professor Sperindeo was allowed to pass a ray of light through the
upper part of the phial during liquefaction and examine this beam
spectroscopically. The experiment yielded the distinctive lines of the
spectrum of blood...
...Most
remarkable of all, the apparent variation in the volume of the relic
led in 1902 and 1904 to a series of experiments in the course of which
the whole reliquary was weighed in a very accurate balance. It was
found that the weight was not constant any more than the volume, and
that the weight of the reliquary when the blood filled the whole cavity
of the phial exceeded, by 26 grammes, the weight when the phial seemed
but half full.
This miracle
takes place three times a year: on the first Saturday
before the first Sunday
of May when his relics were translated; on his Feast -- September 19 --
when he was martyred; and on December 16, the anniversary of the
eruption of the Mount Vesuvius in 1631, when the lava stopped at the
doors of Naples. But it's on his feast that the miracle is followed all
over the world.
The vial of St. Gennaro's blood
The Bishop holds the vial of blood while a man waves a handkerchief
After the miracle -- or the failure thereof -- his relics are processed
from the cathedral to the Basilica of Santa Chiara, about an hour's
walk away, and if the miracle occurs, a cannon is fired twnety-one
times to announce it to the city. Along the procession route, petals
are rained down from balconies.
On the folk tradition level, "le Parenti di San Gennaro" ("the
relatives of San Gennaro") -- a group of mostly older local women --
gather at the
cathedral in Naples before the hoped-for miracle. They sit in the front
row, and beg, plead, cajole, and
otherwise pray to the Saint to make the miracle happen. "Oh, great and
handsome Saint, don't sleep! Wake up and protect our city!" And they
sing:
San
Gennaro mio
putente
prega a Dio pe’ tanta gente
San Gennaro mio protettore
prega a Dio nostro Signore
San
Gennaro, my powerful one
pray to God for all the people
San Gennaro, my protector
pray to God our Lord
If the miracle
is slow to take place (it can take hours or, sometimes, even days), or
doesn't take place at all, they tease him like old cranky, loving aunts
or
grandmothers, even calling him "faccia ‘ngialluta" -- "yellow-face" --
because of the golden hue of his face on his reliquary.
Because San
Gennaro is the Patron Saint of Napoli, he is dear to the
Southern
Italian people, and in New York City, where there's a large Italian
American population, there's a huge celebration in his honor in Little
Italy (the big Italian festival that was taking place in Godfather III
was the Feast of San Gennaro. The big New York City feast in Godfather
II was the Feast of San Rocco).
Finally, I leave you with this song -- Faccia Gialla (Yellow Face) --
which recalls the horrors that happened when the miracle of San
Gennaro's blood failed to take place, and pleads with our Saint to save
Naples from calamity.
It is sung by Enzo Avitabile in a very southern Italian way, with the
dropping of last syllables and such .
Mièzo
all’addore da solfatara
‘Ngopp ‘a na preta sotto a na spada
Duorme Pozzuoli, suonni arrubbati
Da coppo ‘a muntagna fino ‘o mare
è sango e nun è acqua
è sango e nun è acqua
è sango e nun è
acqua
è sango e nun è
acqua
Sotto a n’editto ‘e n’imperatore
Catacombe e persecuzioni
Tu nobile vescovo ‘e Benevento
Nu filo d’evera contro ‘o viento
è sango e nun è acqua
è sango e nun è acqua
è sango e nun è acqua
è sango e nun è acqua
Faccia Gialla squaglialo!
Fallo, fallo stu miracolo
Faccia Gialla squaglialo!
Fallo, fallo pe stu popolo
Chella vota c’a vedetteme nera
Sissantamila muorte ‘d culera
Bello e buono ‘e turchi nà sera
Pò nata vota fuie famma e a sete
è sango e nun è acqua
è sango e nun è acqua
è sango e nun è acqua
è sango e nun è acqua
Faccia Gialla squaglialo!
Fallo, fallo stu miracolo
Faccia Gialla squaglialo!
Fallo, fallo pe stu popolo
è sango e nun è acqua
è sango e nun è acqua
è sango e nun è acqua
è sango e nun è acqua
Amidst
the aches of Solfatara*
On top of a stone, under a sword
Pozzuoli sleeps, stolen dreams
From the top of the mountain up to the sea
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
Under an emperor’s edict
Catacombs and persecutions
You, noble bishop of Benevento
Blade of grass against the wind
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
Yellow Face, melt it!
Do it, do it this miracle
Yellow Face, melt it!
Do it, do it for this people
That time we saw black
60,000 dead from cholera
All of the sudden, the Turks one evening
Then another time there was hunger and thirst
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
Yellow Face, melt it!
Do it, do it this miracle
Yellow Face, melt it!
Do it, do it for this people
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
It’s blood, not water
* Solfatara
is the volcanic crater
in Pozzuoli where San Gennaro was martyred