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On August 1 we recall two different things: the liberation of St. Peter
from his imprisonment in Jerusalem, and the Seven Holy Machabees.
Today's feast is known in Latin as “Sancti Petri ad Vincula," and in
English as both "St. Peter's Chains" and as "Lammas." On this day, we
commemorate the escape of St. Peter from the chains that imprisoned him
after he was arrested by Herod Agrippa I, a story recounted in the book
of Acts 12. We read that Herod had murdered St. James, the brother of
St. John the Evangelist, then:
And seeing that
it pleased the Jews, he proceeded to take up Peter also. Now it was in
the days of the Azymes. And when he had apprehended him, he cast him
into prison, delivering him to four files of soldiers to be kept,
intending, after the pasch, to bring him forth to the people.
Peter therefore was kept in prison. But prayer was made without ceasing
by the church unto God for him. And when Herod would have brought him
forth, the same night Peter was sleeping between two soldiers, bound
with two chains: and the keepers before the door kept the prison.
And behold an angel of the Lord stood by him: and a light shined in the
room: and he striking Peter on the side, raised him up, saying: Arise
quickly. And the chains fell off from his hands. And the angel said to
him: Gird thyself, and put on thy sandals. And he did so. And he said
to him: Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me.
The chains that bound St. Peter were given to the Emperor Valentinian
III's mother-in-law, by Iuvenalis, the Bishop of Jerusalem. The
mother-in-law gave them to her daughter, who gave them to Pope St. Leo
the Great. When Pope Leo brought the Jerusalem chains together with the
chains St. Peter was bound with in Rome, by Nero, before his martyrdom,
it's said that the two chains miraculously bound themselves together.
Many other miracles involving St. Peter's Chains are recounted
throughout
history, and we shouldn't wonder at their power: in Acts 5, we're told
of the power of even St. Peter's shadow --
And the
multitude of men and women who believed in the Lord, was more
increased: Insomuch that they brought forth the sick into the streets,
and laid them on beds and couches, that when Peter came, his shadow at
the least, might overshadow any of them, and they might be delivered
from their infirmities.
-- about which the Roman Breviary says “if the shadow of [St. Peter’s]
body could then bring help, how much more now the fullness of
power?...Rightly is that iron of the chains of punishment considered to
be more precious than gold throughout the churches of Christ.”
Pope St. Leo built a church to house these chains, a church known in
Rome as San Pietro in Vincoli.
Consecrated in A.D. 439 by Pope Sixtus III, it was the building of this
basilica that inspired the Feast celebrated today. But there are many
reasons to keep this feast and recall St. Peter's liberation; the
Golden Legend lists a few, and among them is this:
The fourth cause
of the institution of this feast may be assigned here in this wise. For
our Lord delivered S. Peter out of his chains by miracle, and gave him
power to bind and to unbind. For we be holden and bounden unto the bond
of sin and have need to be assoiled. Therefore we worship the solemnity
of the chains aforesaid. For as he deserved to be unbound of the bonds
of his chains, so received he power of our Lord Jesu Christ to assoil
us.
One of the antiphons of today's Divine Office recounts what is said to
have happened when St. Peter escaped his imprisonment in Rome: he was
liberated by St. Processus and St. Martinian, and was told to leave
before he could be recaptured and killed. On his route down the Appian
Way to the port of Brindisi, where he wanted to get on a ship and head
back to the Middle East, he met Christ. Shocked, he asked Him, "Domine,
quo vadis?" ("Lord, where are you going?"). Jesus replied to him,
"Venio Romam iterum crucifigi. ("I'm going to Rome to be crucified
again.") At those words, St. Peter returned to Rome and embraced his
martyrdom.
The Seven
Machabees
The day is also focused on the seven Holy Machabees, members of a
family whose story is recounted in the two Books of Machabees, which
cover the years between 175 and 135 B.C. The Machabees were a priestly
family who led Israel to keep the faith while under the yoke of
Seleucid Empire. They were a family of fighters -- their name,
which you'll also see spelled as "Maccabees," means "Hammer" -- and the
aspect of their story that's relevant to today's feast is the martyrdom
of seven particular Machabees -- the seven brothers and their mother.
The story begins when an old scribe named Eleazar was told he must eat
pork, in violation of the law. He refused. And those who stood by,
watching, took some pity on him and, so, tried to get him to merely
feign obedience to the king by eating meat that just looked like pork.
But Eleazar, as II Machabees 6:23-26 tells us,
began to
consider the dignity of his age, and his ancient years, and the inbred
honour of his grey head, and his good life and conversation from a
child: and he answered without delay, according to the ordinances of
the holy law made by God, saying, that he would rather be sent into the
other world. For it doth not become our age, said he, to dissemble:
whereby many young persons might think that Eleazar, at the age of
fourscore and ten years, was gone over to the life of the heathens. And
so they, through my dissimulation, and for a little time of a
corruptible life, should be deceived, and hereby I should bring a stain
and a curse upon my old age. For though, for the present time, I should
be delivered from the punishments of men, yet should I not escape the
hand of the Almighty neither alive nor dead.
For his disobedience, Eleazar was put to death.
In the next chapter of II Machabees, we're told that King Antiochus IV
Epiphanes had a woman and her seven sons arrested and tried to get
them, too, to eat pork. Tortured by whips and scourges, the oldest boy
said, "What wouldst thou ask, or learn of us? we are ready to die
rather than to transgress the laws of God, received from our fathers."
This only brought on more torture -- and stunning martrydom:
Then the king
being angry commanded fryingpans, and brazen caldrons to be made hot:
which forthwith being heated, He commanded to cut out the tongue
of him that had spoken first: and the skin of his head being drawn off,
to chop off also the extremities of his hands and feet, the rest of his
brethren, and his mother, looking on.
And when he was now maimed in all parts, he commanded him, being yet
alive, to be brought to the fire, and to be fried in the fryingpan: and
while he was suffering therein long torments, the rest, together with
the mother, exhorted one another to die manfully...
One after the other, six of the sons were slaughtered. And their
mother?
Now the mother
was to be admired above measure, and worthy to be remembered by good
men, who beheld seven sons slain in the space of one day, and bore it
with a good courage, for the hope that she had in God: And she bravely
exhorted every one of them in her own language, being filled with
wisdom: and joining a man's heart to a woman's thought, She said to
them: I know not how you were formed in my womb: for I neither gave you
breath, nor soul, nor life, neither did I frame the limbs of every one
of you. But the Creator of the world, that formed the nativity of man,
and that found out the origin of all, He will restore to you again in
His mercy, both breath and life, as now you despise yourselves for the
sake of His laws.
Antiochus then came up with the idea of promising the last boy that
he'd make him rich and happy if he'd just turn away from the laws of
his fathers. The King told this to the mother as well, telling her to
counsel
her last remaining son to take him up on his offer. But the mother
leaned over to her boy and said,
My son, have
pity upon me, that bore thee nine months in my womb, and gave thee suck
three years, and nourished thee, and brought thee up unto this age. I
beseech thee, my son, look upon heaven and earth, and all that is in
them: and consider that God made them out of nothing, and mankind also:
So thou shalt not fear this tormentor, but being made a worthy partner
with thy brethren, receive death, that in that mercy I may receive thee
again with thy brethren.
He, too, refused, and he was martyred along with his mother. Some of
their relics can be venerated today in the same basilica that holds St.
Peter's chains -- San Pietro in Vincoli, in Rome.
At a time when Christians are being persecuted all over the world, the
story of the Machabees is a deeply important one. Remember them always.
Customs
The second English name for this day -- Lammas -- stems from the Old
English hlaf, meaning "loaf,"
and męsse, meaning "Mass."
Breads were made and blessed on this day (a 9th c. martyrology refers
to August 1 as hlafsenunga,
or "'blessing of bread"), with some of them possibly being destined for
the altar.
The baking of bread and having it blessed -- or, at least, marking it
with a Cross before eating it -- would be a lovely thing to do today. A
no-knead recipe you can try:
No-Knead Bread
3 cups all-purpose or bread flour (+ a bit extra for later),
aerated before measuring (just stir so air is incorporated)
1/4 teaspoon yeast (active dry or instant)
1 teaspoon salt
1 1/2 cups hot water, at about 125° F (no hotter than 140°!)
Mix well together flour, yeast and salt in a large bowl.
Cover with plastic wrap and let stand at room temperature for at least
3 hours.
After at least 3 hours, when dough is dotted with bubbles,
transfer it to a well-floured surface and sprinkle with a little
flour. Fold dough over 10-12 times & shape into a rough ball, using
a scraper to include all the dough. Place in a parchment paper-lined
bowl, cover with a towel, and let stand for about 35 minutes.
Put a Dutch oven (one that's somewhere between 3 1/2 qt to 5
1/2 qt size should do) with an oven-safe lid in a cold oven and preheat
to 450° F. When the oven and Dutch oven are both hot, carefully remove
lid from the latter and place the dough inside along with the parchment
paper it's sitting on. Cover and bake for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes,
remove lid and parchment, return uncovered to the oven, and bake 10 to
15 minutes more. Cool and eat.
And once you bake a loaf, you can use some of its crumbs and two
pieces of wood to keep mice away -- at least you can according to the
words of an 11th c. psalter found in a Winchester monastery 1:
[Take two] long
pieces of four-edged wood, and on each piece write a Pater Noster, on
each side down to the end. Lay one on the floor of the barn, and lay
the other across it, so that they form the sign of the cross. And take
four pieces of the hallowed bread which is blessed on Lammas day, and
crumble them at the four corners of the barn. This is the blessing for
that; so that mice do not harm these sheaves, say prayers over the
sheaves and do not cease from saying them. 'City of Jerusalem, where
mice do not live they cannot have power, and cannot gather the grain,
nor rejoice with the harvest.' This is the second blessing: 'Lord God
Almighty, Who made heaven and earth, bless these fruits in the Name of
the Father and the Holy Spirit.' Amen. And [then say] a Pater Noster.
As a side
note, Lammas Eve -- that is, July 31 -- is the birthday of Juliet
Capulet, the girl
who was in love with Romeo in Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet."
Act I, Scene III of the play includes a discussion between Lady Capulet
(Juliet's
mother) and the Nurse that gives away that fact:
| Lady Capulet: |
...Thou know'st
my daughter's of a pretty age. |
| Nurse: |
Faith, I can
tell her age unto an hour. |
| Lady Capulet: |
She's not
fourteen. |
| Nurse: |
I'll lay
fourteen of my teeth,--
And yet, to my teeth be it spoken, I have but four--
She is not fourteen. How long is it now
To Lammas-tide? |
| Lady Capulet: |
A fortnight and
odd days. |
| Nurse: |
Even or odd, of
all days in the year,
Come Lammas-eve at night shall she be fourteen. |
Readings
Feast of St. Peter's Chains
From "The Liturgical Year"
By Dom Prosper
Gueranger
Rome, making a god out of the man who had subjugated her, consecrated
the month of August to Caesar Augustus. When Christ had delivered her,
she placed at the head of this same month, as a trophy of her regained
liberty, the Feast of the chains wherewith, in order to break hers, St.
Peter the Vicar of Christ had once been bound. O Divine Wisdom, Who
hast a better claim to reign over this month than had the adopted son
of Caesar, Thou couldst not have more authentically inaugurated Thy
Empire. Strength and sweetness are the attributes of Thy works, and it
is in the weakness of Thy chosen ones that Thou dost triumph over the
powerful. Thou Thyself, in order to give us life, didst swallow death;
Simon, son of John, became a captive, to set free the world entrusted
to him. First Herod, and then Nero, showed him the cost of the promise
he had once received, of binding and loosing on earth as in Heaven: he
had to share the love of the Supreme Shepherd, even to allowing
himself, like Him, to be bound with chains for the sake of the flock,
and be led "where he would not."
St. Peter in ChainsGlorious chains! never will you make St. Peter's
successors tremble any more than St. Peter himself; before the Herods
and Neros and Caesars of all ages you will be the guarantee of the
liberty of souls. With what veneration have the Christian people
honored you, ever since the earliest times! One may truly say of the
present Feast that its origin is lost in the darkness of ages.
According to ancient monuments, St. Peter himself first consecrated on
this date the basilica on the highest of the seven hills, known today
as St. Peter in Chains. The name Title of Eudoxia, by which the
venerable Church is often designated, seems to have arisen from certain
restorations made on occasion of the events mentioned in the Breviary
Lessons. As to the sacred chains which are its treasure, the earliest
mention now extant of honor being paid to them occurs in the beginning
of the 2nd century. Balbina, daughter of the tribune Quirinus, keeper
of the prisons, had been cured by touching the chains of the holy Pope
Alexander; she could not cease kissing the hands which had healed her.
"Find the chains of St. Peter, and kiss them rather than these," said
the Pontiff. Balbina, therefore, having fortunately found the Apostle's
chains, lavished her pious veneration upon them, and afterwards gave
them to the noble Theodora, sister of the Martyr, St. Hermes
(Feast—August 28).
The irons which had bound the arms of the Doctor of the Gentiles,
without being able to bind the word of God, were also after his
martyrdom treasured more than jewels and gold. From Antioch in Syria,
St. John Chrysostom, thinking with holy envy of the lands enriched by
these trophies of triumphant bondage, cried out in a sublime transport:
"What more magnificent than these chains? Prisoner for Christ is a more
beautiful name than that of Apostle, Evangelist, or Doctor. To be bound
for Christ's sake is better than to dwell in the heavens; to sit upon
the twelve thrones is not so great an honor. He that loves can
understand me; but who can better understand these things than the holy
choir of Apostles? As for me, if I were offered my choice between these
chains and the whole of Heaven, I should not hesitate; for in them is
happiness. Would that I were now in those places, where it is said the
chains of these admirable men are still kept! If it were given me to be
set free from the care of this church, and if I had a little health, I
should not hesitate to undertake such a voyage only to see St. Paul's
chains. If they said to me: which would you prefer—to be the angel who
delivered St. Peter or St. Peter himself in chains? I would rather be
St. Peter, because of his chains."
Though always venerated in the great Basilica which enshrines his tomb,
St. Paul's chain has never been made, like those of St. Peter, the
object of a special Feast in the Church. This distinction was made due
to the preeminence of him who alone received the keys of the Kingdom of
Heaven to communicate them to others, and who alone continues, in his
successors, to bind and loose with sovereign power throughout the whole
world. The collection of letters of St. Gregory the Great proves how
universally, in the 6th century, was spread the devotion to these holy
chains, a few filings of which enclosed in gold or silver keys was the
richest present the Sovereign Pontiffs were wont to offer to the
principal churches, or to princes whom they wished to honor.
Constantinople, at some period not clearly determined, received a
portion of these precious chains; she appointed a Feast on January 16,
honoring on that day the Apostle Peter, as the occupant of the first
See, the foundation of the faith, the immovable basis of dogma.
The following are the lessons of the Feast in the Roman Breviary:
During the reign of Theodosius the younger, Eudocia, his wife, went to
Jerusalem to fulfill a vow, and while there she was honored with many
gifts, the greatest of which was an iron chain adorned with gold and
precious stones, and affirmed to be that wherewith the Apostle Peter
had been bound by Herod. Eudocia piously venerated this chain, and then
sent it to Rome to her daughter Eudoxia. The latter took it to the
Sovereign Pontiff, who in his turn showed her another chain, which had
bound the same Apostle, under Nero.
When the Pontiff thus brought together the Roman chain and that which
had come from Jerusalem, they joined together in such a manner that
they seemed no longer two chains, but a single one, made by one same
workman. On account of this miracle the holy chains began to be held in
so great honor that a church at the title of Eudoxia on the Esquiline
was dedicated under the name of Saint Peter ad Vincula, and the memory
of its dedication was celebrated by a Feast on the Kalends of August.
St. Peter's ChainsFrom that time Saint Peter's chains began to receive
the honors of this day, instead of a pagan festival which it had been
customary to celebrate. Contact with them healed the sick, and put the
demons to flight. Thus in the year of salvation 969, a certain count,
who was very intimate with the Emperor Otto, was taken possession of by
an unclean spirit, so that he tore his flesh with his own teeth. By
command of the Emperor he was taken to the Pontiff John, who had no
sooner touched the count's neck with the holy chain than the wicked
spirit was driven away, leaving the man entirely free. On this account
devotion to the holy chains was spread throughout Rome.
Put thy feet into the fetters of Wisdom, and thy neck into her chains,
said the Holy Ghost under the ancient alliance… and be not grieved with
her bands… For in the latter end thou shalt find rest in her, and she
shall be turned to thy joy. Then shall her fetters be a strong defence
for thee… and her bands are a healthful binding. Thou shalt put her on
as a robe of glory (Eccli. 6:25-32). Incarnate Wisdom, applying the
prophecy to the Prince of the Apostles, declared that in testimony of
his love, the day would come when he should suffer constraint and
bondage. The trial of St. Peter was a convincing one for eternal
Wisdom, who proportions her requirements to the measure of her own
love. But St. Peter, too, found her faithful; in the days of the
formidable combat, wherein she wished to show her power in his
weakness, she did not leave him in bands; in her arms he slept so calm
a sleep in Herod's prison; and, going down with him into the pit of
Nero, she faithfully kept him company up to the hour when, subjecting
the persecutors to the persecuted, she placed the scepter in his hands,
and on his brow the triple crown.
From the throne where thou, St. Peter, reignest with the Man-God in
Heaven, as thou didst follow Him on earth in trials and anguish, loosen
our bands, which—alas—are not glorious ones such as thine; break these
fetters of sin which bind us to Satan, these ties of all the passions
which prevent us from soaring towards God. The world, more than ever
enslaved in the infatuation of its false liberties which make it forget
the only true freedom, demands more "rights" now than in the times of
pagan Caesars: be once more its deliverer, now that thou art more
powerful than ever. May Rome, especially, now fallen the lower because
precipitated from a greater height, learn again the emancipating power
which lies in thy chains; they had become a rallying standard for her
faithful children not long ago (Archconfraternity of St. Peter's
Chains, erected June 18, 1867). Make good the word once uttered by her
poets, that "encircled with these chains, she will ever be free"
(Arator. De Act. Apost., L. 1, v. 1070-1076).
Feast of the Holy Machabees
From "The Liturgical Year"
By Dom Prosper Gueranger
The August heavens glitter with the brightest constellations of the
sacred cycle. Even in the 6th century, the Second Council of Tours
remarked that this month was filled with the Feasts of Saints. My
delights are to be with the children of men, says Wisdom; and in the
month which echoes with her teachings, she seems to have made it her
glory to be surrounded with blessed ones, who, walking with her in the
midst of the paths of judgment, have in finding her found life and
salvation from the Lord. This noble court is presided over by the Queen
of all grace, whose triumph consecrates this month and makes it the
delight of that Wisdom of the Father, Who, once enthroned in Mary,
never quitted Her. What a wealth of divine favors do the coming days
promise to our souls! Never were our Father's barns so well filled as
at this season, when the earthly as well as the heavenly harvests are
ripe.
Shrine of MachabeesWhile the Church on earth inaugurates these days by
adorning Herself with St. Peter's chains as with a precious jewel, a
constellation of seven stars appears for the third time in the heavens.
The seven brothers Machabees preceded the seven sons of St. Symphorosa
and the seven sons of St. Felicitas in the bloodstained arena; they
followed Divine Wisdom even before she had manifested her beauty in the
flesh. The sacred cause of which they were the champions, their
strength of soul under the tortures, their sublime answers to the
executioners were so evidently the type reproduced by the later
martyrs, that the Fathers of the first centuries with one accord
claimed for the Christian Church these heroes of the synagogue, who
could have gained such courage from no other source than their faith in
the Christ to come. For this reason they alone of all the holy
personages of the Old Covenant have found a place on the Christian
cycle of Saints; all the martyrologies and calendars of East and West
attest the universality of their cultus, while its antiquity is such as
to rival that of St. Peter's Chains in that same basilica of Eudoxia,
where their precious relics lie.
At the time when in the hope of a better resurrection they refused
under cruel torments to redeem their lives, other heroes of the same
blood, inspired by the same faith, flew to arms and delivered their
country from a terrible crisis. Several children of Israel, forgetting
the traditions of their nation, had wished it to follow the customs of
strange peoples; and the Lord, in punishment, had allowed Judea to feel
the whole weight of a profane rule to which it had guiltily submitted.
But when King Antiochus, taking advantage of the treason of a few and
the carelessness of the majority, endeavored by his ordinances to blot
out the divine law which alone gives power to man over man, Israel,
suddenly awakened, met the tyrant with the double opposition of revolt
and martyrdom. Judas Machabeus in immortal battles reclaimed for God
the land of his inheritance, while by the virtue of their generous
confession, the seven brothers also, his rivals in glory, recovered, as
the Scripture says, the law out of the hands of the nations, and out of
the hands of the kings (1 Mach. 2:48). Soon afterwards, craving mercy
under the hand of God and not finding it, Antiochus died, devoured by
worms, just as later on were to die the first and last persecutors of
the Christians, Herod Agrippa and Galerius Maximian.
Persecuted JewsThe Holy Ghost, who would Himself hand down to posterity
the acts of the protomartyr of the New Law, did the same with regard to
the passion of Stephen's glorious predecessors in the ages of
expectation. Indeed, it was he who then, as under the law of love,
inspired with both words and courage these valiant brothers, and their
still more admirable mother, who, seeing her seven sons one after the
other suffering the most horrible tortures, uttered nothing but burning
exhortations to die. Surrounded by their mutilated bodies, she mocked
the tyrant who, in false pity, wished her to persuade at least the
youngest to save his life; she bent over the last child of her tender
love and said to him: My son, have pity upon me, that bore thee nine
months in my womb, and gave thee suck three years, and nourished thee,
and brought thee up unto this age. I beseech thee, my son, look upon
Heaven and earth, and all that is in them: and consider that God made
them out of nothing and mankind also: so thou shalt not fear this
tormentor, receive death, that in that mercy I may receive thee again
with thy brethren (2 Mach. 7:27, 28, 29). And the intrepid youth ran in
his innocence to the tortures; and the incomparable mother followed her
sons.
The Breviary Lesson is taken from a sermon of St. Gregory Nazianzen:
What [shall I say] of the Machabees? For this festal day is celebrated
in their name by this present congregation. Although by many they are
not held in honor, because they did not enter on the conflict after
Christ, yet they are worthy to be honored by all, because they showed
courage and constancy in defense of the laws and institutions of their
fathers. For if they suffered martyrdom before the Passion of Christ,
what would they have done, if they had suffered persecution after
Christ, and if they had had, as a model to be imitated, His death,
which He accepted for our salvation? For, if they showed such and so
great a courage, when they had no example before them, would they not
have been even more courageous in the battle, if they had had that
example before their eyes? There is even a certain mystical and hidden
reason, which seems highly probable to me, and to all who love God,
that none of those who suffered martyrdom before the coming of Christ
could have attained to it without faith in Christ.
Notes:
1 Quote from Karen Louise Jolly, "The
Place of the Cross in Anglo-Saxon England," ed. Catherine E. Karkov,
Sarah Larratt Keefer, and Karen Louise Jolly (Woodbridge: The Boydell
Press), p. 79; via a translation made by the author of the blog "A
Clerk of Oxford," URL: https://aclerkofoxford.blogspot.com
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